Group Who Advocated Incendiary Violence Towards Destroying the Art of the Past

Deliberate activity aimed at weakening another entity

A United States poster from the World State of war II-era that was used to inform people about what they should do if they suspect sabotage

Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, endeavour, or organization through subversion, obstruction, disruption, or devastation. One who engages in sabotage is a saboteur. Saboteurs typically effort to muffle their identities considering of the consequences of their actions and to avoid invoking legal and organizational requirements for addressing sabotage.

Etymology [edit]

The English word derives from the French word saboter , meaning to "bungle, botch, wreck or sabotage"; it was originally used to refer to labour disputes, in which workers wearing wooden shoes chosen sabots interrupted production through different means. A popular simply incorrect account of the origin of the term's nowadays meaning is the story that poor workers in the Belgian metropolis of Liège would throw a wooden sabot into the machines to disrupt production.^[1]

1 of the beginning appearances of saboter and saboteur in French literature is in the Dictionnaire du Bas-Langage ou manières de parler usitées parmi le peuple of d'Hautel, edited in 1808. In it the literal definition is to 'make dissonance with sabots' as well equally 'bungle, jostle, hustle, haste'. The word demolition appears only later.^[2]

The word demolition is found in 1873–1874 in the Dictionnaire de la langue française of Émile Littré.^[iii] Here information technology is divers mainly as 'making sabots, sabot maker'. Information technology is at the end of the 19th century that it really began to be used with the meaning of 'deliberately and maliciously destroying property' or 'working slower'. In 1897, Émile Pouget, a famous syndicalist and anarchist wrote " action de saboter un travail " ('activity of sabotaging or bungling a piece of work') in Le Père Peinard ^[4] and in 1911 he also wrote a book entitled Le Sabotage .^[v]

Every bit industrial action [edit]

Unauthorized stencil urging demolition and picketing

At the inception of the Industrial Revolution, skilled workers such as the Luddites (1811–1812) used sabotage every bit a means of negotiation in labor disputes.

Labor unions such as the Industrial Workers of the Earth (IWW) have advocated sabotage as a ways of cocky-defense and direct action against unfair working conditions.

The IWW was shaped in function by the industrial unionism philosophy of Big Pecker Haywood, and in 1910 Haywood was exposed to demolition while touring Europe:

The experience that had the most lasting impact on Haywood was witnessing a general strike on the French railroads. Tired of waiting for parliament to act on their demands, railroad workers walked off their jobs all across the state. The French government responded by drafting the strikers into the ground forces then ordering them back to work. Undaunted, the workers carried their strike to the job. All of a sudden, they could not seem to do annihilation right. Perishables sabbatum for weeks, sidetracked and forgotten. Freight bound for Paris was misdirected to Lyon or Marseille instead. This tactic – the French chosen information technology "sabotage" – won the strikers their demands and impressed Bill Haywood.^{[6] [seven]}

For the IWW, sabotage'southward meaning expanded to include the original use of the term: whatever withdrawal of efficiency, including the slowdown, the strike, working to rule, or creative bungling of job assignments.^[eight]

One of the most severe examples was at the construction site of the Robert-Bourassa Generating Station in 1974, in Québec, Canada, when workers used bulldozers to topple electrical generators, damaged fuel tanks, and set buildings on fire. The project was delayed a twelvemonth, and the directly cost of the harm estimated at $two million CAD. The causes were not clear, but 3 possible factors have been cited: inter-union rivalry, poor working atmospheric condition, and the perceived arrogance of American executives of the contractor, Bechtel Corporation.^[ix]

Equally environmental action [edit]

Certain groups plough to the destruction of property to stop environmental destruction or to make visible arguments against forms of mod engineering they consider detrimental to the environs. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other constabulary enforcement agencies use the term eco-terrorist when applied to damage of holding. Proponents argue that since property cannot experience terror, damage to property is more accurately described equally sabotage. Opponents, past contrast, point out that property owners and operators can indeed feel terror. The image of the monkey wrench thrown into the moving parts of a automobile to cease it from working was popularized past Edward Abbey in the novel The Monkey Wrench Gang and has been adopted by eco-activists to draw the destruction of world damaging machinery.

From 1992 to tardily 2007 a radical environmental activist motion known as ELF or Earth Liberation Front engaged in a most-constant campaign of decentralized sabotage of whatever construction projects near wildlands and extractive industries such every bit logging and fifty-fifty the burning down of a ski resort of Vail Colorado.^{[10] [ unreliable source? ]} ELF used sabotage tactics often in loose coordination with other environmental activist movements to physically filibuster or destroy threats to wildlands every bit the political will developed to protect the targeted wild areas that ELF engaged.^{[11] [12]}

Equally war tactic [edit]

In war, the word is used to describe the activity of an individual or grouping not associated with the military of the parties at war, such equally a foreign agent or an indigenous supporter, in particular when deportment result in the destruction or damaging of a productive or vital facility, such equally equipment, factories, dams, public services, storage plants or logistic routes. Prime number examples of such sabotage are the events of Black Tom and the Kingsland Explosion. Like spies, saboteurs who behave a war machine operation in civilian clothes or enemy uniforms backside enemy lines are subject field to prosecution and criminal penalties instead of detention as prisoners of war.^{[13] [14]} It is common for a government in power during war or supporters of the state of war policy to employ the term loosely against opponents of the war. Similarly, German language nationalists spoke of a stab in the back having cost them the loss of World War I.^[xv]

A mod course of sabotage is the distribution of software intended to harm specific industrial systems. For case, the U.South. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is alleged to have sabotaged a Siberian pipeline during the Common cold War, using information from the Farewell Dossier. A more than contempo case may exist the Stuxnet reckoner worm, which was designed to subtly infect and damage specific types of industrial equipment. Based on the equipment targeted and the location of infected machines, security experts believe it was an attack on the Iranian nuclear program by the The states, Israel or, according to the latest news, even Russia.^[16]

Sabotage, done well, is inherently hard to notice and hard to trace to its origin. During World War II, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated 19,649 cases of sabotage and concluded the enemy had non acquired any of them.^[17]

Sabotage in warfare, according to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) manual, varies from highly technical coup de main acts that require detailed planning and specially trained operatives, to innumerable simple acts that ordinary citizen-saboteurs tin perform. Unproblematic demolition is carried out in such a way as to involve a minimum danger of injury, detection, and reprisal. In that location are two principal methods of sabotage; physical destruction and the "human element". While physical devastation as a method is cocky-explanatory, its targets are nuanced, reflecting objects to which the saboteur has normal and inconspicuous admission in everyday life. The "human element" is based on universal opportunities to make faulty decisions, to adopt a non-cooperative mental attitude, and to induce others to follow adjust.^[18]

There are many examples of physical demolition in wartime. Notwithstanding, one of the about effective uses of sabotage is against organizations. The OSS transmission provides numerous techniques under the title "Full general Interference with Organizations and Product":

• When possible, refer all matters to committees for "farther study and consideration". Effort to make the committees every bit large as possible—never fewer than five
• Bring up irrelevant bug as frequently equally possible.
• Haggle over precise wordings of communications, minutes, resolutions.
• In making work assignments, always sign out unimportant jobs first, assign of import jobs to inefficient workers with poor machines.
• Insist on perfect work in relatively unimportant products; send back for refinishing those with the least flaw. Approve other defective parts whose flaws are non visible to the naked eye.
• To lower morale, and with information technology, product, be pleasant to inefficient workers; give them undeserved promotions. Discriminate against efficient workers; complain unjustly about their work.
• Hold meetings when there is more critical work to be done.
• Multiply procedures and clearances involved in issuing instructions, paychecks, and and then on. See that multiple people must corroborate everything where one would practise.
• Spread disturbing rumors that sound similar within information.

From the section entitled, "General Devices for Lowering Morale and Creating Defoliation" comes the following quintessential unproblematic sabotage communication: "Act stupid."^[19]

Value of simple sabotage in wartime [edit]

The Usa Office of Strategic Services, later renamed the CIA, noted the specific value in committing simple sabotage against the enemy during wartime: "... slashing tires, draining fuel tanks, starting fires, starting arguments, interim stupidly, brusque-circuiting electric systems, abrading auto parts volition waste material materials, manpower, and fourth dimension." To underline the importance of simple sabotage on a widespread scale, they wrote, "Widespread practice of unproblematic sabotage volition harass and demoralize enemy administrators and constabulary." The OSS was also focused on the battle for hearts and minds during wartime; "the very practice of uncomplicated demolition by natives in enemy or occupied territory may make these individuals place themselves actively with the United Nations War effort, and encourage them to assist openly in periods of Centrolineal invasion and occupation."^[20]

In World War I [edit]

On 30 July 1916, the Black Tom explosion occurred when German agents prepare fire to a complex of warehouses and ships in Bailiwick of jersey Urban center, New Bailiwick of jersey that held munitions, fuel, and explosives bound to assistance the Allies in their fight.

On eleven January 1917, Fiodore Wozniak, using a rag saturated with phosphorus or an incendiary pencil supplied past German demolition agents, set up fire to his workbench at an armament assembly plant almost Lyndhurst, New Jersey, causing a four-60 minutes fire that destroyed half a million iii-inch explosive shells and destroyed the found for an estimated at $17 million in damages. Wozniak'southward involvement was not discovered until 1927.^[21]

On 12 February 1917, Bedouins allied with the British destroyed a Turkish railroad well-nigh the port of Wajh, derailing a Turkish locomotive. The Bedouins traveled by camel and used explosives to demolish a portion of runway.^[22]

Post World State of war I [edit]

In Ireland, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) used sabotage against the British following the Easter 1916 uprising. The IRA compromised advice lines and lines of transportation and fuel supplies. The IRA also employed passive sabotage, with dock and railroad workers refusing to work on ships and rail cars used past the government. In 1920, agents of the IRA committed arson confronting at least fifteen British warehouses in Liverpool. The following yr, the IRA ready fire to numerous British targets once again, including the Dublin Community House, this time sabotaging nigh of Liverpool's firetrucks in the firehouses before lighting the matches.^[23]

In World War II [edit]

Lieutenant Colonel George T. Rheam was a British soldier, who ran Brickendonbury Manor from October 1941 to June 1945 during Globe War II, which was Station XVII of the Special Operations Executive (SOE), which trained specialists for the SOE. Rheam innovated many sabotage techniques, and is considered by M. R. D. Human foot the "founder of mod industrial demolition."^{[24] [25]}

Sabotage training for the Allies consisted of teaching would-be saboteurs primal components of working machinery to destroy. "Saboteurs learned hundreds of small tricks to cause the Germans big problem. The cables in a telephone junction box ... could be jumbled to make the wrong connections when numbers were dialed. A few ounces of plastique, properly placed, could bring downwards a bridge, cave in a mine shaft, or collapse the roof of a railroad tunnel."^[26]

The Smoothen Home Army Armia Krajowa, which commanded the majority of resistance organizations in Poland (fifty-fifty the National Forces, except the Armed services Organization Lizard Spousal relationship; the Domicile Army also included the Polish Socialist Party – Liberty, Equality, Independence) and coordinated and aided the Jewish Military Matrimony as well as more reluctantly helping the Jewish Combat Arrangement, was responsible for the greatest number of acts of sabotage in German-occupied Europe. The Home Regular army'south sabotage operations Operation Garland and Operation Ribbon are just two examples. In all, the Habitation Army damaged 6,930 locomotives, set 443 track transports on fire, damaged over 19,000 rail cars, and blew upwardly 38 rail bridges, not to mention the attacks confronting the railroads. The Home Army was also responsible for iv,710 built-in flaws in parts for shipping engines and 92,000 born flaws in artillery projectiles, among other examples of significant sabotage. In add-on, over 25,000 acts of more modest sabotage were committed. It continued to fight against both the Germans and the Soviets; however, it did aid the Western Allies by collecting constant and detailed information on the High german rail, wheeled, and equus caballus transports.^[27] Equally for Stalin'due south proxies, their actions led to a corking number of the Smooth and Jewish hostages, mostly civilians, existence murdered in reprisal by the Germans. The Gwardia Ludowa destroyed around 200 German trains during the war, and indiscriminately threw hand grenades into places frequented by Germans.

The French Resistance ran an extremely constructive demolition entrada against the Germans during Earth War II. Receiving their sabotage orders through messages over the BBC radio or by aircraft, the French used both passive and active forms of demolition. Passive forms included losing German shipments and assuasive poor quality cloth to pass factory inspections. Many active demolition attempts were against critical rail lines of transportation. German records count ane,429 instances of demolition from French Resistance forces between January 1942 and Feb 1943. From Jan through March 1944, sabotage accounted for three times the number of locomotives damaged by Allied air power.^[23] Run into besides Normandy landings for more than information nearly sabotage on D-24-hour interval.

During World War II, the Allies committed sabotage against the Peugeot truck factory. Afterwards repeated failures in Centrolineal bombing attempts to hit the factory, a team of French Resistance fighters and Special Operations Executive (SOE) agents distracted the German guards with a game of soccer while part of their team entered the plant and destroyed machinery.^[28]

In December 1944, the Germans ran a simulated flag sabotage infiltration, Operation Greif, which was allowable by Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle of the Bulge. German commandos, wearing US Regular army uniforms, carrying US Army weapons, and using Usa Regular army vehicles, penetrated US lines to spread panic and confusion amid US troops and to blow up bridges, ammunition dumps, and fuel stores and to disrupt the lines of advice. Many of the commandos were captured by the Americans. Considering they were wearing US uniforms, a number of the Germans were executed as spies, either summarily or after military commissions.^[29]

After World War II [edit]

Palestine Railway's K class two-8-4T steam locomotive and freight train on the Jaffa and Jerusalem line after existence sabotaged by Jewish paramilitary forces in 1946.

From 1948 to 1960, the Malayan Communists committed numerous constructive acts of sabotage confronting the British Colonial authorities, first targeting railway bridges, then hit larger targets such as military camps. Nigh of their efforts were intended to weaken Malaysia'southward colonial economy and involved sabotage against trains, prophylactic copse, h2o pipes, and electric lines. The Communists' sabotage efforts were so successful that they caused backlash amidst the Malaysian population, who gradually withdrew back up for the Communist movement as their livelihoods became threatened.^[30]

In Mandatory Palestine from 1945 to 1948, Jewish groups opposed British control. Though that control was to end according to the United nations Sectionalisation Plan for Palestine in 1948, the groups used sabotage as an opposition tactic. The Haganah focused their efforts on camps used past the British to hold refugees, and radar installations that could exist used to detect illegal immigrant ships. The Stern Gang and the Irgun used terrorism and sabotage against the British government and against lines of communications. In Nov 1946, the Irgun and Stern Gang attacked a railroad twenty-one times in a three-week period, eventually causing shell-shocked Arab railway workers to strike. The 6th Airborne Division was chosen in to provide security every bit a means of ending the strike.^[22]

In Vietnam [edit]

The Viet Cong used swimmer saboteurs often and effectively during the Vietnam War. Betwixt 1969 and 1970, swimmer saboteurs sunk, destroyed, or damaged 77 assets of the U.S. and its allies. Viet Cong swimmers were poorly equipped only well-trained and resourceful. The swimmers provided a depression-cost/low-adventure option with loftier payoff; possible loss to the country for failure compared to the possible gains from a successful mission led to the obvious conclusion the swimmer saboteurs were a good idea.^[31]

During the Cold War [edit]

On 1 January 1984, the Cuscatlan bridge over the Lempa river in El Salvador, critical to the menstruum of commercial and military machine traffic, was destroyed by guerrilla forces using explosives after using mortar fire to "scatter" the bridge's guards, causing an estimated $three.7 meg in required repairs, and considerably impacting on El Salvadoran business organisation and security.^[32]

In 1982 in Republic of honduras, a group of 9 Salvadorans and Nicaraguans destroyed a master electrical power station, leaving the majuscule metropolis Tegucigalpa without power for iii days.^[33]

As law-breaking [edit]

Some criminals have engaged in acts of demolition for reasons of extortion. For instance, Klaus-Peter Sabotta sabotaged German language railway lines in the belatedly 1990s in an attempt to extort DM10 million from the High german railway operator Deutsche Bahn. He is now serving a sentence of life imprisonment. In 1989, ex-Scotland Thousand detective Rodney Whitchelo was sentenced to 17 years in prison for spiking Heinz baby food products in supermarkets, in an extortion attempt on the food manufacturer.^[34]

Equally political activity [edit]

The term political demolition is sometimes used to define the acts of ane political army camp to disrupt, harass or impairment the reputation of a political opponent, ordinarily during an balloter campaign, such as during Watergate. Smear campaigns are a commonly used tactic. The term could also describe the actions and expenditures of private entities, corporations, and organizations against democratically approved or enacted laws, policies and programs.

After the Common cold War ended, the Mitrokhin Athenaeum were declassified, which included detailed KGB plans of active measures to subvert politics in opposing nations.

In a coup d'etat [edit]

Sabotage is a crucial tool of the successful insurrection d'etat, which requires command of communications before, during, and after the insurrection is staged. Elementary demolition against physical communications platforms using semi-skilled technicians, or even those trained only for this task, could finer silence the target government of the insurrection, leaving the information boxing infinite open to the dominance of the coup's leaders. To underscore the effectiveness of sabotage, "A single cooperative technician will be able temporarily to put out of activeness a radio station which would otherwise require a full-calibration set on."^[35]

Railroads, where strategically of import to the regime the coup is against, are prime targets for sabotage—if a section of the track is damaged entire portions of the transportation network can exist stopped until information technology is fixed.^[36]

Derivative usages [edit]

Demolition radio [edit]

A sabotage radio was a pocket-size two-way radio designed for utilise by resistance movements in Globe War Two, and after the war often used by expeditions and similar parties.

Cybotage [edit]

Arquilla and Rondfeldt, in their work entitled Networks and Netwars, differentiate their definition of "netwar" from a list of "trendy synonyms", including "cybotage", a portmanteau from the words "sabotage" and "cyber". They dub the practitioners of cybotage "cyboteurs" and annotation while all cybotage is not netwar, some netwar is cybotage.^[37]

Counter-sabotage [edit]

Counter-demolition, divers by Webster'due south Dictionary, is "counterintelligence designed to detect and counteract sabotage". The United States Department of Defense definition, constitute in the Dictionary of Armed services and Associated Terms, is "action designed to detect and counteract sabotage. See also counterintelligence".

In Earth War Ii [edit]

During Globe War II, British subject Eddie Chapman, trained by the Germans in sabotage, became a double agent for the British. The German Abwehr entrusted Chapman to destroy the British de Havilland Company'due south main found which manufactured the outstanding Mosquito light bomber, but required photographic proof from their amanuensis to verify the mission's completion. A special unit of the Royal Engineers known every bit the Magic Gang covered the de Havilland constitute with canvas panels and scattered papier-mâché article of furniture and chunks of masonry around three cleaved and burnt giant generators. Photos of the plant taken from the air reflected devastation for the factory and a successful sabotage mission, and Chapman, as a British sabotage double-amanuensis, fooled the Germans for the duration of the war.^[38]

Self-sabotage [edit]

In psychology, behaviour that undermines ane's own existing or potential achievements.

Come across too [edit]

• Nativity control sabotage
• Edmund Charaszkiewicz
• Cichociemni
• Colin Gubbins
• Directly activeness
• Espionage
• 5th column
• Gaslighting
• Guerrilla warfare
• Improvised explosive device
• Industrial espionage
• Kedyw
• Norwegian heavy water demolition
• Partisan
• Political warfare
• Setting up to fail
• Social undermining
• Special Activities Segmentation
• Tampering
• Terrorism
• The Mole, TV serial

References [edit]

1. ^ "Sabotage". Online Etymology Dictionary.
2. ^ D'Hautel, Charles-Louis (1808). Dictionnaire du Bas-Langage ou manières de parler usitées parmi le peuple [Dictionary of slang or means to speak used past the people] (in French). D'Hautel et Schoell. p. 325. Saboteur : Sobriquet injurieux qu'on donne à un mauvais ouvrier, qui fait tout à la hâte, et malproprement.
3. ^ Littré, Émile (1873–1874). Dictionnaire de la langue française [Lexicon of the French language]. Hachette. p. 1790.
4. ^ Pouget, Émile (1976). Le Père Peinard. Éditions Galilée. p. 53. ISBN2718600306.
5. ^ Pouget, Émile (1911). Le Sabotage. Marcel Rivière. pp. 3–66.
6. ^ Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Beak Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 152.
7. ^ Jimthor, Stablewars, May 2008
8. ^ Roughneck, The Life and Times of Large Neb Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, pages 196–197.
9. ^ Rinehart, J.W. The Tyranny of Work, Canadian Social Issues Series. Academic Printing Canada (1975), pp. 78–79. ISBN 0-7747-3029-3.
10. ^ Earth Liberation Front end
11. ^ "World Liberation Front". targetofopportunity.com.
12. ^ "The Secret History of Tree Spiking – Part ane". iww.org.
13. ^ Wilbur Redington Miller (29 June 2012). The Social History of Criminal offence and Penalty in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 186. ISBN978-0-7618-6137-nine.
14. ^ David Churchman (ix May 2013). Why We Fight: The Origins, Nature, and Management of Man Disharmonize. University Press of America. p. 186. ISBN978-0-7618-6137-9.
15. ^ Dokumentarfilm.com Archived 26 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine
16. ^ Markoff, John, "Malware Aimed at Iran Hit 5 Sites, Report Says", New York Times, 13 February 2011, p. 15.
17. ^ Marrin, Albert (1985). The Secret Armies : Spies, Counterspies, and Saboteurs in Earth War II. New York: Atheneum. p. 37. ISBN0-689-31165-6.
18. ^ "Office of Strategic Services Simple Sabotage Manuel" (PDF). 17 January 1944. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
19. ^ "Role of Strategic Services Elementary Sabotage Manuel" (PDF). 17 January 1944. pp. 28–31. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
20. ^ "Role of Strategic Services" (PDF). 17 January 1944. p. two. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
21. ^ McGeorge Ii, Harvey J.; Christine C. Ketchem (1983–1984). "Sabotage: A Strategic Tool for Guerilla Forces". World Diplomacy. Globe Diplomacy Found. 146 (iii): 249–256 [250]. JSTOR 20671989.
22. ^ ^{a b} Condit, D. Due north.; Cooper, Bert H.; Jr (1 March 1967). "Challenge and Response in Internal Disharmonize. Volume 2. The Feel in Europe and the Middle Eastward". Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Data Center. doi:x.21236/ad0649609.
23. ^ ^{a b} Howard L. Douthit III, Helm, USAF (1988). The Use and Effectiveness of Sabotage equally a Means of Unconventional Warfare- An Historical Perspective from Earth State of war I Through Vietnam. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base of operations, Ohio: Air Forcefulness Plant of Technology.
24. ^ Sale, Jonathan (28 Baronial 2001). "Espionage for dummies". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved one January 2020.
25. ^ the-wwii-soe-preparation-manual-rigden. pp. 8.
26. ^ Marrin, Albert (1985). The Secret Armies : Spies, Counterspies, and Saboteurs in World War 2. New York: Atheneum. p. 77. ISBN0-689-31165-vi.
27. ^ Domicile Army#Major operations
28. ^ Marrin, Albert (1985). The Secret Armies : Spies, Counterspies, and Saboteurs in Globe War II. New York: Atheneum. p. 83. ISBN0-689-31165-6.
29. ^ Jean-Paul Pallud (28 May 1987). Ardennes, 1944: Peiper and Skorzeny . Osprey Publishing. p. fifteen. ISBN0-85045-740-eight.
30. ^ Written report prepared by the Historical Evaluation and Research Organization under contract for the Army Research Part (1966). Isolating the Guerrilla: Classic and Basic Instance Studies (Volume Two). Washington: Historical Evaluation and Enquiry Organization.
31. ^ Babyak, E.E., Jr., LtJG, USNM (1971). Swimmer Sabotage or The Almost Dangerous Mine. Charleston: Naval Mine Warfare School.
32. ^ McGeorge II, Harvey J.; Christine C. Ketchem (1983–1984). "Sabotage: A Strategic Tool for Guerilla Forces". World Affairs. World Diplomacy Institute. 146 (iii): 249–256. JSTOR 20671989.
33. ^ McGeorge II, Harvey J.; Christine C. Ketchem (1983–1984). "Sabotage: A Strategic Tool for Guerilla Forces". Earth Affairs. Globe Affairs Institute. 146 (3): 249–256 [253]. JSTOR 20671989.
34. ^ "Nutrient Scare Scandals". The Contained. sixteen June 1999.
35. ^ Luttwak, Edward (1968). Coup d'Etat, a Applied Handbook. London: The Penguin Press. p. 119. ISBN0-674-17547-vi.
36. ^ Luttwak, Edward (1968). Coup d'Etat, a Practical Handbook. London: The Penguin Printing. p. 128. ISBN0-674-17547-6.
37. ^ John Arquilla; David Ronfeldt, eds. (2001). Networks and Netwars. RAND. pp. v–seven. ISBN0-8330-3030-2.
38. ^ Marrin, Albert (1985). The Secret Armies. New York: Atheneum. p. 24. ISBN0-689-31165-6.

• Émile Pouget, Le sabotage; notes et postface de Grégoire Chamayou et Mathieu Triclot, 1913; Mille et une nuit, 2004; English translation, Sabotage, paperback, 112 pp., University Press of the Pacific, 2001, ISBN 0-89875-459-3.
• Pasquinelli, Matteo. "The Credo of Free Culture and the Grammar of Sabotage" ^{[ permanent dead link ]} ; now in Beast Spirits: A Bestiary of the Commons, Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2008.
• Milton, Giles (2017). Churchill's Ministry building of Ungentlemanly Warfare. John Murray. ISBN978-i-444-79898-two.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sabotage.

• Office of Strategic Services Simple Sabotage Manual
• News, accounts and articles on workplace sabotage and organising – Sabotage, employee theft, strikes, etc.
• Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching
• Article on malicious railroad demolition
• Elizabeth Gurley Flinn, Sabotage, the conscious withdrawal of the workers' industrial efficiency
• Aadu Jogiaas: Disturbing soviet transmissions in August 1991.
• "The Tallinn Cables, A GLIMPSE INTO TALLINN'South Surreptitious HISTORY OF ESPIONAGE, Lonely Planet Magazine, December 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2013.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage